The first nuclear device ever detonated was an implosion-type bomb at the Trinity test, conducted at New Mexico's Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range on 16 July 1945. Despite the Manhattan Project's tight security, Soviet atomic spies successfully penetrated the program. Through Operation Alsos, Manhattan Project personnel served in Europe, sometimes behind enemy lines, where they gathered nuclear materials and documents, and rounded up German scientists. The project was also charged with gathering intelligence on the German nuclear weapon project. The Fat Man plutonium implosion-type weapon was developed in a concerted design and development effort by the Los Alamos Laboratory. The plutonium was then chemically separated from the uranium, using the bismuth phosphate process. After the feasibility of the world's first artificial nuclear reactor, the Chicago Pile-1, was demonstrated in 1942 at the Metallurgical Laboratory in the University of Chicago, the Project designed the X-10 Graphite Reactor at Oak Ridge and the production reactors at the Hanford Site in Washington state, in which uranium was irradiated and transmuted into plutonium. In parallel with the work on uranium was an effort to produce plutonium, which was discovered by researchers at the University of California, Berkeley, in 1940. Most of this work was performed at the Clinton Engineer Works at Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Three methods were employed for uranium enrichment: electromagnetic, gaseous and thermal. Since it was chemically identical to the most common isotope, uranium-238, and had almost the same mass, separating the two proved difficult. The Thin Man gun-type design proved impractical to use with plutonium, and therefore a simpler gun-type called Little Boy was developed that used uranium-235, an isotope that makes up only 0.7 percent of natural uranium. Two types of atomic bombs were developed concurrently during the war: a relatively simple gun-type fission weapon and a more complex implosion-type nuclear weapon. Research and production took place at more than thirty sites across the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada. Over 90 percent of the cost was for building factories and to produce fissile material, with less than 10 percent for development and production of the weapons. The Manhattan Project began modestly in 1939, but grew to employ more than 130,000 people and cost nearly US$2 billion (equivalent to about $23 billion in 2020). Along the way, the project absorbed its earlier British counterpart, Tube Alloys. The Army component of the project was designated the Manhattan District as its first headquarters were in Manhattan the placename gradually superseded the official codename, Development of Substitute Materials, for the entire project. Nuclear physicist Robert Oppenheimer was the director of the Los Alamos Laboratory that designed the actual bombs. From 1942 to 1946, the project was under the direction of Major General Leslie Groves of the U.S.
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It was led by the United States with the support of the United Kingdom and Canada. – Your order will be delivered before 10:30am the day after it has been dispatched (excluding Saturday / Sunday).The Manhattan Project was a research and development undertaking during World War II that produced the first nuclear weapons. – Your order will be delivered before midday the day after it has been dispatched (excluding Saturday / Sunday) PLEASE NOTE it is not possible to deliver orders on the Saturday either side of Bonfire Night, Christmas or New Year
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If this is blank your order will be delivered on the next Saturday after the day of ordering. – Enter the date you would like your order delivered in the “order notes” section on the next page. – If you already have an order with us and would like to add to it before it is shipped, select this option then enter your existing order number in the “order notes” section on the next page. You will be required to bring the card you used to pay with and photo ID before you can collect your order. Collection is not available on SATURDAY 2nd NOVEMBER 2019. Enter the date you would like to collect and AM/PM in the “order notes” section on the next page.
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– Select this option if you would like to collect your order. You should enter this date in the “order notes” section on the next page. – This option is for those who would like us to hold on to their order and deliver it nearer to the date of their display. All dates are treated as the latest date for delivery NOT the date you would like delivery. If you require your order by a certain date enter this in the “order notes” section on the next page. We endeavour to dispatch all orders placed before 12pm the same day although this is not always possible in our busy season, October – December. – You will receive your order the following working day from day of despatch (not including Saturday/Sunday).